Sciences Related to Rhetoric

Rhetoric is closely allied with several sciences which deal in some way with discourse.

(1)	Grammar.—Every language has its peculiar i Horns and forms. These constitute its special gram mar. Universal or philosophical grammar considerb language generally as an instrument of thought and expression. Rhetoric is distinct from every form of grammar, and everywhere presupposes grammatical accuracy.

(2)	Logic.—Discourse is governed by certain laws of thought which must be regarded in effective speech. These laws of pure thought are the subject matter of Logic. While Logic deals with the nature and laws of thought, Rhetoric deals with the effective commu¬nication of thought. Logic is the statics, Rhetoric the dynamics of thought.

(3)	ethetics.—Language, in common with every¬thing else which can affect the sensibilities, is the sub¬ject-matter of applied iEsthetics. This science is closely connected with the proper estimate of discourse regarded as a fine art. It is an important auxiliary, but by no means a rival of Rhetoric.

(4)	Psychology.—As the science of effecting mental changes, Rhetoric often borders closely upon the science of Psychology, which treats of the laws of mind. Any effective presentation of ideas to the mind for the purpose of changing it, presupposes some knowledge of its laws. Hence Rhetoric, though dis tinct in its province, borrows many facts and laws from Psychology.

(5) Elocution.—Vocal delivery has often been re¬garded as a part of Rhetoric. Although it is an importent aid to the effectiveness of discourse, several considerations exclude it from this science. Elocution is a bodily exercise requiring a peculiar kind of train¬ing. A person may acquire excellence as a writer while deficient as a speaker, and hence may be a rhetorician without being an elocutionist. Ideas may be expressed to the eye as well as to the ear, so that elocution has no closer connection with Rhetoric than Penmanship.